Home Inspection Terms

Buying a house is one of the biggest financial decisions you'll ever make. But before you sign on the dotted line, it's crucial to know what you're getting yourself into. In previous blogs, we’ve discussed what is home inspection. And today, we’ll learn how to decipher home inspection terms.

A

A/C (AC): This is an abbreviation for A/C unit or air conditioner; the system responsible for cooling a home, typically composed of an outdoor unit and an indoor evaporator.

Accessibility: In home inspection terminology, accessibility refers to how easily a home can be used by individuals with disabilities or mobility limitations, including features like ramps, wider doorways, and accessible bathrooms.

Aggregate: The mixture of crushed rock, gravel, or sand used in concrete or asphalt. Inspectors check the quality and placement of aggregate to ensure the durability of driveways, patios, etc.

Angle of Repose: The maximum angle at which a slope or embankment can be stable. This is relevant when inspecting retaining walls or landscaping.

Amperage: The amount of electrical current that can flow through a circuit, measured in terms of amperes. All electrical systems at home should have sufficient amperage to meet the devices’ needs.

Anchor Bolts: They are metal bolts embedded in the foundation of a house that secure the structure to the ground.

Appraisal: A professional assessment of the market value of a property. You can see many home inspection terms in the appraisal report.

Area: The total usable space within a house, typically measured in square feet.

Asbestos: A naturally occurring mineral that was widely used in building materials until the 1980s due to its stability and resistance to fire. Asbestos is closely checked in the process of roof inspection, as it can be harmful if disturbed and lead to respiratory problems.

Attic Access: The door or hatch that allows access to the attic. Inspecting attic access includes checking for proper insulation, ventilation, and any potential hazards. (In home inspection terms, the attic itself is a space located directly below the roof of a house, often used for storage.)

Attic Ventilators: In an attic inspection, attic ventilators refer to the system of openings and components designed to allow fresh air to circulate within an attic space.  Different types of these ventilators include soffit vents, ridge vents, gable vents, and power ventilators.

Attachment: Attachment in home inspector terms is a building or structure that is physically connected to the main house, such as a garage, deck, or shed.

Automatic Shut-off Valve: A valve that automatically shuts off water flow to a specific area, such as a leaky pipe, preventing flooding.

 

B

Backflow Preventer: A device that prevents contaminated water from flowing back into the potable water system, safeguarding public health.

Balcony: An outdoor platform attached to a building, held in place by a structure without additional independent support. Inspectors check its structure, railings, and drainage.

Basement: A level of a house that is partially or fully below ground level. “Basement suite” is a self-contained living unit located in the basement.

Batten: A thin strip of wood used for decorative purposes or to provide structural support.

Beam: A horizontal structural element supporting a floor or roof. (A box beam is a prefabricated structural beam made from wood or steel)

Bearing Wall: In home inspection terminology, a bearing wall is a wall that supports the vertical load of a building as well as its own weight.

Bidet: A plumbing, sanitary fixture fitted underneath a toilet to promote personal hygiene. When conducting a plumbing inspection, inspectors check its functionality and condition.

Bonding: The electrical connection between metal plumbing pipes and the electrical system, preventing the formation of stray currents.

Bonding Strip: A conductive strip of metal that is installed in a building's electrical system to provide a path for electrical current.

Brick Veneer: A decorative layer of brick applied to the exterior of a house, often over other materials. Inspectors check its condition and adherence.

Built-up Roof (BUR): A type of flat roof constructed with layers of asphalt, felt, and gravel. BUR should be leak-free, damage-free, and have proper drainage.

Bushings: Insulating sleeves used in electrical wiring to prevent damage to insulation.

Bathroom Ventilation: In home inspection terms, it is the system that removes moisture and odors from bathrooms, which should have sufficient capacity and function properly.

Baseboard Heater: An electric or hot-water heater mounted along the baseboards of a room.

Bearing Capacity: The maximum weight a structural element can safely support.

Blower Door Test: A test that measures the amount of air leakage in a building. It helps identify areas needing insulation or sealing.

Breaker Panel: The main electrical distribution panel in a home, composed of circuit breakers or fuses that control electrical flow to the house. It also may be called an electrical panel, breaker box, or fuse box.

Building Code: A set of local and/or state regulations and standards that govern the construction and safety of buildings. They are applied to building design, materials and construction, repair, and use.

Building Envelope: The outer shell of a building, including the walls, roof, windows, and doors.

Butt Joint: A connection between two pieces of wood that are placed side by side.

Batt Insulation: a common type of insulation that comes in rolls or batts. It's made from various materials, most commonly fiberglass, but also mineral wool and cellulose.

Board Foot: A unit of measurement for lumber, equal to 12 inches by 12 inches by 1 inch.

 

C

Ceiling Joist: Also called roof joist, it is a horizontal structural element that supports the ceiling and roof.

Chimney: A vertical structure that carries smoke and gases from a fireplace or furnace.

Circuit Breaker: A safety device that interrupts the flow of electricity in a circuit if an overload or short circuit occurs.

Cladding: The exterior covering of a building, such as siding, brick, or stone. It also describes metal components covering windows or doors for weather protection.

Condensation: The process of water vapor in the air changing into liquid water, often occurring in areas with poor ventilation. Inspectors assess its potential impact on building materials.

Condition: The visible and conspicuous state of being of an object.

Conduction: The transfer of heat through a material, such as a wall or roof. Insulation levels are important here, as they help reduce heat loss.

Convection: The transfer of heat through the movement of fluids, such as air or water. Inspectors consider air circulation and the potential for moisture problems.

Corrosion: In home inspection terminology, corrosion defines the gradual deterioration of a material due to chemical reactions, typically caused by moisture and exposure to elements.

Crawl Space: An area beneath a house that is typically only a few feet high. This open area is commonly enclosed by the foundation wall and should have good ventilation, no excess moisture, and no pests.

Curb Appeal: The overall appearance of a property from the street.

Culvert: Culverts are primarily associated with drainage systems outside of the house, which allow water to flow under a road, pathway, or other obstruction. EnsureInspections also defines it as a round, corrugated drainpipe installed beneath a driveway and parallel to and near the street.

 

D

Damper: A movable device, typically a flap or plate, used to regulate the flow of air or gases through a duct, chimney, or other opening. They can be manually operated or automated.

Damp Proofing: A method used to prevent moisture from entering a building's foundation and walls. It is a black, tar-like material applied to the exterior of a foundation wall, especially in older homes and in areas prone to moisture issues like basements.

Dead Load: The weight of a building's structure and permanent fixtures.

Deck: A raised, outdoor platform typically built from wood, composite materials, or concrete, extending from the house and providing an outdoor living space. Decks often include railings, stairs, and sometimes a roof or pergola.

Deck Ledger: In home inspection terminology, it is a critical structural component that connects a deck to a house. It's a horizontal beam, typically made of wood, that is attached to the house's exterior wall framing and serves as a base for the deck joists.

Diverter: refers to a device that directs the flow of a fluid, typically water, to different destinations. Some of the diverters commonly found in homes include shower, tub spout, and faucet diverters.

Downspout: A vertical pipe or conduit that carries rainwater collected by roof gutters to the ground or a drainage system. It prevents water from overflowing gutters and damaging the foundation or landscaping.

Drip Edge: A metal flashing installed at the edge of a roof to direct water away from the structure.

Dry Rot: A type of wood decay caused by fungal growth in dry, porous wood. It's less common than wet rot but can still lead to structural issues. Dry rot often occurs in areas with poor ventilation or moisture exposure.

Drywall: A common building material for interior walls and ceilings. Consists of gypsum plaster sandwiched between paper layers. It provides a smooth surface for finishing/painting and offers fire resistance.

Ductwork: The network of pipes or channels used to distribute air from HVAC systems throughout a building, delivering heated or cooled air to different rooms efficiently.

Dwelling: A general term for a place of residence, including houses, apartments, and condominiums.

Dwell Time: In home inspector terms, this is the amount of time an inspector spends on a property during an inspection.

DWV (Drain, Waste & Vent): A system of pipes that carries wastewater and sewage out of a building, as well as vent pipes that allow for proper air circulation and pressure within the system.

 

E

Earthquake Strap: Also known as a seismic strap or hold-down strap, is a structural component designed to improve a building's resistance to earthquake forces. They prevent the walls and roof from separating from the foundation.

Eave: The overhanging lower edge of a roof that projects beyond the supporting walls. Its function is to protect the exterior walls from rain and snow.

Egress: An exit or way out of a building. Basement and bedroom windows must have a minimum egress size for safety purposes, which is 5.7 square feet.

Elbow (L): Refers to a specific plumbing fitting known as an elbow pipe fitting. Elbows are used to change the direction of a plumbing pipe, allowing for bends and turns in the system.

Electrical System: The entire network of wiring, outlets, switches, and fixtures that provides electricity to a home.

Elevation: In home inspection terms, it refers to a side of a building.

Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER): A measure of how efficiently an air conditioner or heat pump converts electricity into cooling power. EER = Cooling Output (BTU/hour) / Power Input (Watts).

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): A U.S. federal agency that sets standards for environmental protection, including lead-based paint regulations.

Environmental Hazards: Any potential risk to human health or the environment, such as radon, asbestos, or lead paint.

Electrical Metallic Tubing (EMT): In home inspection terminology, EMT is a type of electrical conduit commonly used for wiring in residential and commercial buildings.

Exterior Wall: The outer walls of a building that enclose the living space and separate it from the outdoors.

Exposure: The portion of the roofing exposed to sunlight and other weather conditions after installation.

Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM): A type of synthetic rubber commonly used for flat roofing membranes.

Exhaust Fan: A mechanical device that removes air or excess heat from interior spaces, such as a bathroom, kitchen, or laundry room.

 

F

Facade: The exterior wall or front of a building, including the siding, windows, and doors.

Facade Inspection: A specific inspection of the exterior of a building to assess its condition, including the siding, windows, doors, and any other features like balconies, decks, or eavestroughs.

Fasteners: A general term for screws, nails, bolts, or other mechanical devices used to join or hold parts of a building or structure together.

Faucets: Devices used to control the flow of water from pipes, including taps, showerheads, and spouts.

Fire Hazards: Any condition or material that increases the risk of fire, such as flammable materials, faulty wiring, or blocked exits.

Fire Rating: Refers to the fire resistance of a building material or assembly.

Fire Stop: Material or construction used to prevent the spread of fire within a building, often installed in walls, floors, and ceilings.

Fissure: In home inspection terminology, a fissure is a crack or fracture in a surface, often found in concrete or masonry.

Flashing: A thin, waterproof material, usually metal, used to protect areas where different building materials meet, like around windows, doors, and chimneys.

Flatwork: Any horizontal concrete surface that is not part of the foundation or a driveway such as patios, porches, walkways, steps, sidewalks, and pool decks.

Floor Plan: a scaled diagram that shows the layout of a house or building, including the rooms, walls, doors, windows, and other features. It's a visual representation of the interior space, providing a clear understanding of the property's configuration.

Footing: The base of a foundation wall or column that rests directly on the soil, distributing the weight of the house evenly across the ground.

Foundation: The base of a building, which supports its weight and transfers it to the ground.

Framing: The structural components of a building, including walls, floors, and ceilings, typically made of wood or steel.

Frostline: The depth in the ground below which the soil remains frozen for a significant portion of the year.

Fungi: Any type of mold, mildew, or other fungal growth found in a house. Found through mold inspection, fungi are microscopic organisms that thrive in damp, humid environments and cause a range of problems for homeowners.

Furnace: A heating appliance used to provide heat to a building, often powered by gas, oil, or electricity.

Furring: Strips of wood or metal attached to a wall or ceiling to create a space for insulation or to even out an uneven surface. In home inspection terms, it’s essentially a layer of material that provides a consistent surface for finishing materials like drywall or siding.

 

G

Gable: The triangular portion of a wall between the edges of a sloping roof. Gables are commonly found at the ends of a pitched roof and can vary in size and shape depending on the architectural design of the home.

Gambrel Roof: A type of roof that has two slopes on each side, with the lower slope being steeper than the upper slope. Gambrel roofs are commonly found in colonial-style homes and barns.

Gas Lateral: Refers to the underground pipe that connects a property to the main gas line in the street or utility system.

Gaskets: Seals or packing materials used to create a watertight or airtight seal between two surfaces in a home's plumbing or HVAC systems. Gaskets are commonly made of rubber or silicone and are used to prevent leaks, reduce vibration, and ensure the proper functioning of pipes, fittings, and valves.

General Contractor (Prime Contractor): A professional responsible for overseeing and managing construction projects, including home renovations, repairs, or new construction.

Girder: a large horizontal structural beam that supports the weight of the floor or roof above it. Girders are typically made of steel, wood, or engineered materials and are essential components of a building's structural framework.

Glass Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (GFRC): A composite material made of concrete reinforced with glass fibers. This product is lightweight, durable, and strong (but not as much as concrete) and is commonly used in countertops, sinks, facades, and decorative panels.

Glazing: Refers to the process of installing glass or other infill materials in windows, doors, skylights, or other openings in a building. It can also refer to the actual glass or transparent material itself.

Gloss: The sheen or shine of a surface finish, such as paint, flooring, or countertops. Gloss levels can vary from high gloss (very shiny) to matte (no shine), with different levels in between, such as semi-gloss or satin.

Grading: The slope of the land around a house, which influences drainage and potential erosion. Inspectors assess if the grading is adequate for water runoff and preventing water damage.

Ground Level (Grade): The elevation of the land surrounding a building.

Grade Beam: A reinforced concrete beam that is typically used to support a load-bearing wall or distribute the weight of a structure evenly across the foundation. Grade beams are commonly found in homes with raised foundations or in areas with poor soil where traditional footings may not be sufficient.

Gravel: Small stones used for landscaping, drainage, and surfacing built-up roofs varying from 1/8 to 1-3/4 inches in size.

Green Building: A building that meets certain environmental standards for sustainability, including energy efficiency or the use of eco-friendly materials and/or practices.

Ground Fault: An electrical fault that occurs when electricity flows to the ground instead of through the intended circuit.

Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI, GFI):  A safety device that interrupts electrical flow in case of a ground fault, preventing electric shocks. GFCIs are required in areas like bathrooms, kitchens, and outdoors.

Grounding: A safety feature that connects electrical systems to the earth, providing a path for stray electricity and reducing the risk of electric shock.

Gypsum Board: A common type of wallboard used for interior walls and ceilings. In home inspection terms, it’s also known as drywall.

 

H

H-Beam: A structural steel beam shaped like the letter "H".

H-Clip: A metal connector used to join and support the ends of two perpendicular pieces of plywood or oriented strand board (OSB) roof sheathing.

H-Frame: A type of truss system often found in roof framing.

Habitable: Refers to a living space that meets minimum safety standards for occupancy, including proper ventilation, plumbing, electrical, and heating systems.

Habitable Area: The living space within a home, excluding unfinished areas like basements, garages, and attics.

Hawk (Mortarboard): A flat, square, or rectangular board with a handle underneath that allows masons to hold and carry small amounts of mortar or other materials while working on a project.

Headroom: The vertical clearance above a floor or other surface, often measured to ensure adequate space for movement or specific objects like appliances.

Heat Pump: A heating and cooling system that uses refrigerant to transfer heat from one area to another, providing both heating and air conditioning.

Heat Recovery Ventilator (HRV): A ventilation system that recovers heat from outgoing exhaust air and transfers it to incoming fresh air, improving energy efficiency.

Hinge: A mechanical device that allows a door, cabinet, or other object to pivot or swing open and closed. Hinges are typically made of metal and consist of two plates joined together by a pin or rod.

Holding Tank: A container that stores wastewater from a home in areas without sewer access, typically emptied by a septic truck.

Hood: The range hood or exhaust hood installed above a stove or cooktop in a kitchen. The hood is designed to remove smoke, grease, odors, and other airborne particles produced when cooking.

Hot Wire: A typically black electrical wire that carries current and is therefore energized or "hot."

House Wrap: A moisture-resistant material applied to the exterior of a house to prevent water penetration and improve energy efficiency.

HVAC: Stands for Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning in home inspection terminology, encompassing the systems that regulate temperature and air quality.

Hydrostatic Pressure: The force exerted by water on a structure, which can cause foundation problems if not managed properly.

Hydrostatic Test: A test that checks the watertightness of a plumbing system, typically performed after installation or repairs.

Hydronic Heating: A heating system that uses hot water circulating through pipes to heat a home.

Hygrothermal Performance: The ability of a building envelope to control moisture and heat transfer.

 

I

I-Beam: A structural beam made of steel or wood that is shaped like the letter "I". I-beams are strong and efficient for supporting loads.

I-Joist: A manufactured engineered wood joist used in floor and roof construction. They are often lighter and stronger than traditional solid lumber joists.

IAQ: In home inspection terms, it is an acronym for indoor air quality.

Ice Dam (Ice Damming): A ridge of ice that forms on a roof, preventing melting snow from draining properly. This can lead to water damage and ice buildup in the eaves.

Immediate Cost: The estimated expenses that a homeowner or potential buyer may need to address promptly to address safety hazards, structural deficiencies, or other urgent issues identified during a home inspection.

Imminent Danger: A condition or situation within a property that poses an immediate threat to the health, safety, or well-being of occupants or the structure itself. This could include exposed electrical wiring, gas leaks, structural damage, or unstable foundations.

Insulation: Any material used to reduce heat transfer, typically placed in walls, ceilings, and attics. Common types include fiberglass, cellulose, and spray foam.

Interior Drainage: The system designed to collect and remove water from within a building, such as from a basement or crawl space.

International Residential Code (IRC): A set of codes and standards that govern the construction and maintenance of residential buildings.

Infiltration: The process of water or air entering a building through cracks, gaps, or other openings.

Infrared Thermography: A non-invasive inspection method using thermal imaging to detect temperature differences and identify potential problems, such as insulation deficiencies or moisture intrusion.

Inspection Checklist: A list of items to be checked during a home inspection. This can vary depending on the type of inspection and the specific needs of the client.

Inspection Report: A written document summarizing the findings of a home inspection. It typically includes details about the condition of the property and any potential issues that need to be addressed.

Inspector: In home inspection terminology, an inspector is a qualified professional who examines a property for defects and issues. They provide a detailed report outlining their findings.

Insulated Concrete Forms (ICF): A building system that uses foam forms filled with concrete to create walls. ICFs provide excellent insulation and structural strength.

Iron Pipe (Cast Iron Pipe): A type of pipe made from cast iron, commonly used for water supply lines. It can be susceptible to corrosion and leaks over time.

IPS (Iron Pipe Size): A standardized system of measuring the diameter of pipes based on the inside diameter. It is commonly used for pipes made of materials such as iron, steel, and copper.

Interior Finish: The decorative elements and materials used to finish the inside of a building, such as paint, wallpaper, and flooring.

InterNACHI: International Association of Certified Home Inspectors, a non-profit organization dedicated to training and certifying professional home inspectors.

IECC: International Energy Conservation Code.

Issue: A potential problem or defect identified during a home inspection. Issues can range from minor cosmetic flaws to major structural concerns.

 

J

J-Bolt: A bolt with a hook or loop at one end, often used for securing objects to concrete or other surfaces.

J-Channel: A type of trim used to finish the edge of drywall or other wall coverings.

Jack Post (Monopost): A structural component used to support and stabilize beams, joists, or other load-bearing elements in a building.

Jamb: The vertical side of a door or window frame that connects to the header and sill.

Jalousie Window: A window with adjustable horizontal slats that allow for ventilation and light control.

Joint: In home inspection terminology, a joint refers to the point where two building components or materials meet or connect. Joints are commonly found in various parts of a home, such as between walls, floors, ceilings, doors, etc.

Joist: A horizontal structural beam that supports flooring or a ceiling.

Joist Span: The distance between two supporting points for a joist.

Joist Ledger: A horizontal beam used to transfer the load of a floor joist to a wall.

Jute: A natural fiber used as insulation in plumbing pipes.

 

K

Keene's Cement (Keene's Plaster): A type of finishing plaster for interior wall and ceiling surfaces. It is a mixture of gypsum plaster and glue, which gives it a hard, durable finish that is resistant to moisture and abrasion. It is less commonly used today due to the availability of modern drywall and plastering materials.

Kick Hole: In home inspection terms, it is a common defect in perimeter flashings due to being stepped on or kicked.

Kitchen Backsplash: A protective covering for the wall behind a kitchen sink or stove, often made of tile, stone, or glass.

Kiln-Dried Lumber: Lumber that has been dried in a kiln to reduce moisture content and prevent warping or rotting. It is typically more durable and less likely to be affected by moisture changes.

King Stud: A vertical framing member that runs from the bottom plate of a wall to the top plate, providing support and stability to the structure.

Knee Wall: A short wall often found in attic spaces, sometimes used for storage or as a partition. 

Knob-and-Tube Wiring: An outdated electrical system using insulated wires to run through porcelain knobs and tubes. It's often found in older homes and can be a safety hazard.

 

L

Lally Column: A steel support column used to reinforce a foundation or support a beam.

Latent Defect: A hidden or concealed defect in a building that is not readily apparent during a visual inspection.

Lead Paint (Lead-Based Paint): Paint containing lead, a toxic substance that can be harmful to health.

Ledger Board: See “Deck Ledger”.

Life Cycle Cost: The total cost of owning and maintaining a property over its lifetime, including initial purchase price, repairs, renovations, and utilities.

Lintel: A horizontal structural beam that supports the weight of a wall or opening above a door or window.

Listed: A product or component that has been evaluated and approved by a recognized safety organization.

Live Load: The weight of objects and people that a structure is designed to support.

Load-Bearing Wall: A wall that supports the weight of a roof or floor above.

Loft Conversion: The process of converting an attic space into a living space is called loft conversion in home inspection terminology.

Lumens: A unit of measurement for the brightness of light sources.

Luminous Efficacy: The ratio of light output to power consumption, a measure of how efficiently a light source converts energy into light.

Louver: A series of horizontal slats or blades that are angled to allow air circulation while providing some degree of privacy or protection from the elements.

 

M

Major Defect: A significant issue that requires immediate attention and repair. It's a problem that could potentially impact the safety, livability, or structural integrity of the property.

Mansard Roof: A specific type of roof structure characterized by its steep, almost vertical lower slopes and shallower, almost flat upper slopes.

Manufactured Home (Manufactured Mobile Home): A home that is built in a factory and then transported to the site. It is typically constructed on a chassis with a permanent foundation.

Masonry: In home inspection terms, masonry refers to building materials such as brick, stone, or concrete blocks.

Mastic: A thick, sticky sealant or adhesive used to secure shingles to a roof or to seal other surfaces.

Membrane: A waterproof barrier used to protect a building from moisture damage.

Millwork: Trim, molding, and other decorative woodwork used in a house.

Mold (Mould): A type of fungus that can grow in damp environments and can cause health problems. Mold remediation is the process of removing mold from a building and preventing its recurrence.

Moisture Barrier: A material that prevents moisture from passing through a building envelope.

Mortar: A mixture of cement, sand, and water used to bind bricks or stones together.

Mortar Types: Type M, which is the strongest type of mortar, is often used for load-bearing walls and structures. Type S, which is strong, but slightly more flexible than Type M. Its uses include above-ground walls, and fireplaces, where high strength is needed, but some flexibility is desired. Type N with the lowest strength, mainly for non-load-bearing applications such as brick veneer or landscaping.

Muntins: The vertical or horizontal strips that divide the panes of a window.

Mylar (Milar): Brand name for a thin, reflective material used for insulation. In home inspection terminology, it also refers to field copies of a blueprint often manufactured from Mylar.

 

N

Non-Conforming Use: A property that is used in a way that does not comply with current zoning regulations.

Non-Structural Damage: Damage to a building that does not affect its structural integrity, such as cosmetic damage or minor water damage.

NRC: The National Research Council of Canada, a government agency that provides research and development services, including building codes and standards.

NACHI: National Association of Certified Home Inspectors. A professional organization for home inspectors, but not directly applicable to Canada.

NEC (National Electrical Code): It is primarily a US standard in home inspection terms. However, many of its principles and requirements are adopted and reflected in Canadian electrical codes as well.

Non-Bearing Wall: A wall that does not support any structural load from the roof, floors, or other structural elements above it. It essentially stands independently and serves primarily as a partition or to define space within a house.

Nominal Size: Refers to the stated or advertised size of building material, especially lumber, rather than its actual, measured dimensions.

NABCs: North American Building Codes. A set of building codes used across Canada and the United States, providing standards for building construction and safety.

Nosing: The protruding edge or lip on a stair tread. It's the part of the tread that extends beyond the riser (the vertical part of the stair).

 

O

Occupancy (Occupancy Load): The number of people a dwelling unit is designed to house comfortably and safely, often based on building codes and regulations. This is important for determining if the house meets the needs of the prospective buyer and if it complies with local codes.

Off-Set (Offset): In home inspection terminology, "offset" often refers to a slight deviation from a perfectly straight or aligned object. This might occur in plumbing pipes, electrical wiring, or even the alignment of walls or rooflines. 

Open Beam: An exposed beam that is visible within the living space of a home.

On Center (OC): The distance between the centers of two structural elements, such as studs in a wall, joists in a floor, or rafters in a roof.

OG: A molding with a profile in the form of S, with the outline of a reversed curve.

Outrigger: A rafter’s extension beyond the wall line. A smaller member is usually nailed to a larger rafter to form a cornice or roof overhang.

Out of Level: A situation where a surface or structure is not perfectly horizontal or vertical.

Overall Condition: A general assessment of the home's overall condition, considering its age, maintenance history, and any observed defects or deficiencies.

Overhang: A part of a roof that extends beyond the exterior walls of a structure. It provides shade and protection from the elements, such as rain, snow, and sun.

Oxidization: A chemical reaction where a material combines with oxygen in the air, resulting in rust, corrosion, or discoloration.

 

P

P-Trap: A P-shaped section of drainpipe found that traps water and prevents sewer gases from entering the hose.

Parging: A cement-based plaster applied to exterior walls to provide weatherproofing and a smooth finish.

Pier and Beam Foundation: A type of foundation using concrete piers and beams to support the structure.

Pitch: The slope or incline of a roof. It's typically measured as the ratio of the vertical rise to the horizontal run, expressed as a fraction or percentage.

Plate: In home inspection terminology, "plate" can refer to different components of a home's structure including sole plate (a horizontal wooden member that forms the bottom of a wall, resting directly on the foundation. It provides a base for the wall studs to be attached), top plate (a horizontal wooden member that forms the top of a wall, supporting the roof or ceiling structure), header plate, etc.

Point Load: A concentrated weight or force applied to a small area of a structure, such as a column, beam, or foundation. This can be a significant factor in determining the structural integrity of a home.

Plumbing Stack: A vertical plumbing vent pipe that penetrates the roof. Imagine it as a main trunk line for the plumbing system.

Power Vent: A type of vent that uses a built-in fan to exhaust air from a space, typically a bathroom or kitchen. Unlike passive vents that rely on natural airflow, power vents actively push air out, making them more efficient at removing moisture, odors, and pollutants.

Premises: It encompasses everything that is part of the property being inspected. It's a broad term used to cover all aspects of the property, from the building itself to the surrounding land.

Protrusion: In home inspection terms, it is an object that extends from a surface, like a chimney or a roof overhang.

Purlins: Horizontal beams supporting the roof sheathing, typically made of wood, steel, or concrete. They provide support for the roof sheathing and help to distribute the weight of the roof covering.

 

Q

Quarry Tile: A type of ceramic tile that is characterized by its rough, textured surface and its typically square (6x6x1/4-inch) or rectangular shape. It's often used in areas that require durability and slip resistance such as floor and Backsplashes

Quarter Round: A type of molding that has a curved profile, resembling a quarter of a circle.

Quote (Quotation): A written estimate of the cost for repairs or improvements recommended by the inspector.

 

R

R-Value: A measure of a material's resistance to heat flow. The higher the R-value, the better the insulation, indicating reduced heat loss in winter and heat gain in summer.

Rafter: A structural beam that forms the skeleton of a sloped roof. They run parallel to the roof's slope and support the roof deck, which in turn holds the shingles or other roofing materials.

Radon: A colorless, odorless, radioactive gas that occurs naturally in the soil. Radon can seep into homes through cracks in the foundation, well water, or other openings. High levels of radon exposure can lead to lung cancer, making it a serious health concern. Radon Inspection can detect this problem.

Railing: A safety barrier typically found along stairs, balconies, or decks. Railings should be strong, securely attached, and meet local building codes for height and spacing.

Rating: In home inspection terms, rating is a measure of a component's performance or efficiency. This can apply to appliances (energy efficiency ratings), insulation (R-value), or windows (U-value).

Readily Accessible: Areas of a property that can be easily reached and inspected without special tools or equipment. These areas are typically visible and can be inspected without causing damage to the property.

Readily Ascertainable: Information or conditions that can be easily determined or discovered during a standard home inspection. This may include visible defects, issues, or conditions that are apparent to the inspector without the need for further investigation or specialized tools.

Readily Available: It typically refers to information, documents, or resources that are easily accessible and obtainable during the home inspection process. This may include maintenance records, manuals, and permits.

Rebar (Reinforcing Bar): Steel reinforcement bars embedded in concrete to increase its strength and prevent cracking. Rebar is used in foundations, walls, and other structural components to enhance their durability and load-bearing capacity.

Recessed Lighting: Lights mounted flush with the ceiling or wall, providing a clean, integrated look. They offer a more subtle aesthetic compared to traditional pendant lights or surface-mounted fixtures.

Regrade: To alter the slope of the ground surrounding a property to improve drainage.

Relief Valve (Pressure-Relief Valve): A safety valve installed on water heaters and other pressurized systems to prevent excessive pressure buildup.

Remediation: The process of removing or mitigating hazardous materials or environmental issues such as asbestos, lead paint, mold, etc.

Rendering: A decorative finish applied to exterior walls, often made of plaster or stucco.

Representative Sample (Representative Number): A selection of items or components within a property that are chosen to provide an accurate representation of the overall condition of the entire property. This approach is commonly used when conducting inspections of large properties or systems where it may not be feasible to inspect every single item individually.

Ridge: In home inspection terms, it is the highest point of a roof, where the two slopes meet.

Ridge Vent: A continuous vent running along the roof ridge, promoting ventilation. Ridge vents provide a pathway for warm, moist air to escape the attic, preventing condensation and mold growth.

Rise: The vertical height of a roof slope. The rise, along with the run, determines the roof slope, influencing its drainage efficiency, snow load capacity, and overall design aesthetic.

Roof Deck: The structural base upon which the roofing system is installed. For more information, see “Deck”.

Roof Flashing: Metal pieces used to seal and waterproof areas where the roof intersects with walls, chimneys, or other structures.

Roof Slope: The angle of the roof, measured as a ratio of rise (vertical height) to run (horizontal distance). A steeper slope allows water to drain faster, preventing pooling and potential leaks.

Roofing Shingles: Individual units that form the roof covering, providing weather protection and aesthetics.

Roof Sheathing: Plywood or OSB boards used to create a solid base for the roof covering. It provides structural support for the roof, distributing the weight of shingles and other roofing materials.

Roof Pitch: In home inspection terminology, it is another term for roof slope, often expressed as a ratio or angle.

Roof System: The complete structure and components of a roof, including framing, sheathing, underlayment, and shingles.

Roof Structure: The supporting frame of the roof, consisting of rafters, trusses, or other structural elements.

Roof Support: Additional structural elements, like beams or posts, that reinforce the roof.

Roof Truss: A triangular frame that supports the roof structure. Trusses provide strength and stability to the roof, distributing the load across the entire structure.

Roof Underlayment: A waterproof membrane placed beneath the shingles, protecting the structure from water intrusion.

Roof Valley: The point where two roof slopes meet, forming a trough.

Run: The horizontal distance covered by a roof slope. The run is one of the factors used to calculate the roof slope, which influences its drainage efficiency and overall performance.

Runoff: Water flowing off a roof or other surfaces, often directed to drains or gutters.

Rough Opening: The opening in a wall that houses a door, window, or other fixture.

 

S

Saddle: A raised area on a roof that occurs between two valleys. It forms a triangular shape where two slopes intersect and is often a vulnerable area for leaks due to its unique geometry.

Sash: The movable part of a window that slides up and down or swings open. It's the part you open and close to control airflow.

Scuttle Hole: A small opening or access panel typically located in the ceiling or attic of a property.

Sealant: A material used to fill gaps and prevent leaks, commonly used around windows, doors, and plumbing fixtures.

Seasoning: Removing and removing moisture from green wood to improve its usability.

Septic System: A self-contained wastewater treatment system often used in rural areas where sewer lines are unavailable. It involves a septic tank and leach field that treats wastewater before releasing it back into the environment.

Sewer Line: In home inspection terms, it refers to a pipe that carries wastewater from a home to a municipal sewer system or septic tank.

Shake: A type of roofing material made from split wooden shingles.

Siding: The exterior cladding material used to cover and protect the walls of a building.

Sill: A horizontal beam that supports the bottom of a window or door. It provides a structural base for the frame and helps to transfer the load from the window or door to the wall.

Single-Hung Window: A type of window where only the bottom sash moves up and down.

Slab Foundation: A type of foundation where a concrete slab is poured directly on the ground, common in warmer climates.

Slab on Grade: A type of foundation commonly used in residential construction where a concrete slab is poured directly on the ground without any basement or crawl space.

Soffit: The underside of a building's overhanging roof eaves. The soffit is typically located between the exterior wall and the edge of the roof, providing a finished appearance to the roof overhang.

Span: The distance between two supports, such as the distance between two beams or columns.  A longer span can create greater stress on structural members.

Stair Stringer: The support beams that hold the steps and handrails of a staircase. They run along the sides of the staircase and transfer the weight of the stairs to the floor.

Static Pressure: The force that air exerts on a surface when it is not moving. It can affect a home's energy efficiency and comfort.

Stile: The vertical piece of a door or window frame. It forms the sides of the opening and provides structural support.

Storm Door: An exterior door that is installed over the main entry door to provide extra protection from weather elements.

Stucco: A type of exterior wall finish applied as a plaster-like coating. It is often used in warmer climates and offers a decorative and protective layer.

Subfloor: In home inspection terminology, subfloor refers to the layer of wood or plywood placed over the foundation and supporting the finished floor.

Sump Pump: A submersible pump used to remove water that has accumulated in a basement or crawlspace.

Support Post: A vertical structural member that supports a beam or other load-bearing element.

Survey (Property Survey): A professional document that details the boundaries of a property and any features on it. It is often needed for financing or when building additions or renovations.

Suspended Ceiling: A secondary ceiling installed below the main structural ceiling of a room. Also known as a drop ceiling or false ceiling, it typically consists of a grid system of metal tracks and lightweight ceiling tiles or panels that are suspended from the main ceiling.

Switch: A device that controls the flow of electricity in a circuit.

System: A collection of interrelated parts that work together to perform a function. In home inspection terms, common systems include electrical, plumbing, HVAC, and septic systems.

 

T

Technically Exhaustive: A thorough evaluation of a property's systems and components, involving a detailed examination of all accessible areas and aspects of the property such as its structure, electrical systems, plumbing, HVAC systems, and more.

Tempered: A glass that has been treated with a special heating and cooling process to increase its strength and safety.

Termite Shield: A physical barrier installed during construction to prevent termites from entering a building through small gaps or cracks in the foundation. Typically made of metal, this shield is placed between the foundation and the wooden structure of the building to block the insects' entry points.

Thermal Break: A feature in windows and doors that reduces heat transfer between the inside and outside of a home.

Thermal Imaging: A technique that uses infrared cameras to detect heat variations, helping to identify hidden problems like moisture, insulation issues, and electrical problems.

Thermostat: A device that controls the temperature of a home's HVAC system.

Threshold: The flat surface at the bottom of a door that separates the interior and exterior of a home.

Topography: The shape and features of the land surrounding a property, affecting drainage, soil conditions, and site suitability.

Tread: In home inspection terminology, it refers to the horizontal part of a stair step that is typically walked on.

Trim: The decorative molding around windows, doors, and other features, adding to a home's aesthetics. It can also provide a protective barrier.

Trimmer: A short piece of lumber used to support the end of a joist or beam at a wall or other structural element.

Truss: A triangular framework used to support roof loads, offering strength and efficiency.

 

U

U-Value: A measure of how well a window or door resists heat transfer. A lower U-value indicates better insulation, reducing energy loss and improving comfort.

Underlayment: A waterproof material installed beneath the roof shingles, acting as a secondary layer of protection against leaks. It's typically made of felt paper, synthetic materials, or both.

Underpinning: A process of reinforcing or strengthening a foundation by adding additional supports.

Unvented Attic: An attic that lacks proper ventilation, making it more susceptible to moisture buildup, mold growth, and heat buildup.

Unvented Crawlspace: Like an unvented attic, it refers to a crawlspace without adequate ventilation.

Ultraviolet Degradation: The process by which materials, such as plastics, rubber, or certain building materials, deteriorate or break down when exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. UV degradation can cause discoloration, fading, cracking, or weakening of materials over time, leading to potential structural or aesthetic issues in a property.

 

V

Valley: The intersection of two sloping roof planes that create a V-shaped depression or channel.

Vapor Barrier: A material, often a plastic sheet or membrane, installed in walls, floors, or ceilings to prevent moisture vapor from passing through. It acts as a barrier to water vapor that can migrate from the ground, crawlspaces, or interior spaces, preventing condensation, mold growth, and structural damage.

Ventilation: The process of supplying fresh air and removing stale or contaminated air from a building. Ventilation can be achieved through natural means like open windows and doors, or mechanical systems like fans and exhaust vents.

Veranda: In home inspection terms, veranda is a roofed, open-air porch or balcony, typically attached to the exterior of a house.

Visible Defects: Defects that are readily apparent during a home inspection. These can include cracks in walls, leaks, missing shingles, damaged flashing, etc.

Voltage: The electric potential difference between two points in a circuit, measured in volts (V). It represents the force that drives electric current through a conductor. In a home, voltage refers to the electrical pressure supplied by the power company, typically 120 volts or 240 volts depending on the circuit.

Venting: The process of providing an outlet for gases or fumes to escape from a building. This is crucial for furnaces, water heaters, and fireplaces to ensure safe and efficient operation.

Vent Stack: A vertical pipe that extends through the roof to vent gases and fumes from a building's plumbing system.

Vermiculite: A lightweight, fire-resistant material used for insulation and as a component in some types of drywalls. It is a naturally occurring mineral that expands when heated, creating a porous, insulating material. However, some types of vermiculite may contain asbestos.

Vents: Openings that allow air to circulate through a building, providing ventilation. These can be in walls, ceilings, or roofs, serving various purposes like exhaust for bathrooms and kitchens, or intake for fresh air.

Veneer: A thin layer of material, such as brick, stone, or wood, applied to the exterior of a building for decorative purposes.

 

W

Wainscoting: A decorative wall treatment that involves installing wood paneling or other materials on the lower half of interior walls.

Wall Sheathing: The material installed on the exterior of wall framing, usually plywood, OSB, or fiber cement, providng a rigid surface for siding and structural strength.

Water Closet (WC): Toilet.

Water Testing: In home inspection terminology, it refers to the process of analyzing water samples for contaminants, such as bacteria, metals, or chemicals. This may be required to assess water quality for drinking, bathing, or other uses. 

Weatherproofing: Measures taken to protect a building from the damaging effects of weather. It includes features like roof shingles, flashing, siding, windows, and doors.

Weatherstrip (Weatherstripping): Materials used around doors and windows to prevent air leaks and moisture infiltration, improving energy efficiency as well as reducing drafts.

Weep Hole: A small opening or gap typically found in exterior walls of buildings, particularly in masonry construction. Weep holes allow moisture, such as rainwater or condensation, to drain out of the wall cavity and prevent water from accumulating and causing damage.

Weep Screed: A metal flashing or trim installed at the base of exterior walls in buildings with stucco or masonry siding. It provides a drainage pathway for any moisture that may penetrate the exterior wall system.

 

X

There are not many home inspection terms beginning with “X”. If you know any, share it in the comments.

 

Y

Yield Point: The point at which a material starts to deform permanently under stress. (It is similar to another term: yield stress)

Yoke (in Plumbing): A supportive structure that holds a water pipe in place, typically used in older plumbing systems.  Home inspectors may look for signs of corrosion or damage to these yokes.

 

Z

Zone Valve: A mechanical device used in heating and cooling systems to control the flow of heated or cooled air to different areas or zones within a building.

Zoning: The regulations that govern how land can be used in a particular area. Home inspectors will look at zoning information to ensure the property is being used following the rules. This can affect potential renovations or additions.